12th Physics Syllabus
Unit I: Electrostatics
The major topics covered in this section include:
- Electric charge and its quantization
- Conservation of charge
- Coulomb's Law and force between point charges
- Superposition principle and continuous distribution of charge
- Electric field and electric field lines
- Electric field due to electric charge and electric dipole
- Electric field intensity (E) and electric flux
- Electric potential (V) and potential gradient
- Gauss's Theorem and its application
- Torque and potential energy in electric fields
- Electric potential due to a body of charges
- Connection of capacitors in series and parallel
- Bound charge and free charge in a conductor
Unit II: Current Electricity
This unit covers the following topics:
- Electric current and flow in metallic conductors
- Drift velocity, mobility, and current density
- Ohm's Law, electric resistance, and V-I characteristics
- Electric energy, power, resistivity, and conductivity
- Carbon resistors color coding and thermal dependency of resistance
- Internal resistance of a cell, EMF, and potential difference of a cell
- Electric cells: primary and secondary cells
- Balanced Wheatstone Bridge and Meter Bridge
- Terminal Potential Difference of a Cell and Potentiometer
Unit III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
The major topics covered in this section are as follows:
- Magnetic field and Oersted's experiment
- Biot-Savart's law in a ring of charge
- Ampere's law and its application
- Force on an electric conductor in a constant magnetic field
- Force between two parallel electric conductors
- Voltmeter, Ammeter, and Oersted's Experiment
- Ampere's Swimming Rule
- Maxwell's Cork Screw Rule
- Magnetic Field Due to a Straight Current-Carrying Conductor
- Biot-Savart's Law and Right Hand Thumb Rule
- Fleming's Left-Hand Rule and Magnetic Dipole
- Ampere's Circuital Law, Solenoid, Toroid, and Lorentz Force
- Cyclotron - principle and limitations
- Current Sensitivity and Voltage Sensitivity
Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
The major topics covered in this section are as follows:
- Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
- Motional EMF, Self-Induction, and Mutual Induction
- Fleming's Right-Hand Rule and Lenz's law
- Coefficient of Self-Induction and Mutual Induction
- Grouping of Coils
Unit V: Electromagnetic Waves
The major topics covered in this section includes the following:
- Displacement Current and Ampere-Maxwell Law
- Electromagnetic Waves and Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Earth's Atmosphere and Communication
- Analog Signal, Modulation, Demodulation, and Radio Waves
- Microwave Propagation, Satellite Communication, Remote Sensing, and Optical Fibres
Unit VI: Optics
The major topics covered in this section includes:
- Light and its Characteristics
- Laws of Reflection and types of mirrors
- Plane Mirror and Spherical Mirror
- Magnification and Linear Magnification
- Areal, Axial Magnification, and Lateral inversion
- Laws of Refraction and Refractive Index
- Critical Angle and Total Internal Reflection (TIR)
- Optical Fibres, Lens, and Power of a Lens
- Focal Length of a Lens Combination and Linear Magnification
- Focal Length of a Convex Lens by Displacement Method
- Cutting of a Lens, Prism, Human Eye, Camera, Simple Microscope, and Scattering of Light
Unit VII: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
The major topics covered in this section are as follows:
- Photoelectric effect and Planck's idea
- Hertz and Lenard's Experiment
- Threshold Frequency and Wave Function
Unit VIII: Atoms and Nuclei
The forllowing are the topics covered in this section:
- Nucleus and its properties
- Isotopes, Isobars, Isotones, and Isomers
- Nuclear Force, Nuclear Binding Energy, and Mass Defect
- Radioactivity, Nuclear Reactor, Nuclear Fission and Thermonuclear Energy
Unit IX: Electronic Devices
This unit cover the following topics:
- Solids and their types (Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline)
- Liquid Crystals and Crystal Lattice
- Energy Bands of Solids and Thermionic Emission
- Diode, Types of Semiconductor, p-n Junction, and Rectifier
- LED Characteristics, Photodiodes, and Solar Cells
- Zener Diodes as Voltage Controllers
- Transistor and its characteristics
- Basic Logic Gates (OR, AND, NOT) and Combination of Gates (NAND, NOR)
